B. Symptom Magnification Examination:
Waddell signs: Presence of nonorganic signs suggesting symptom magnification and psychological distress
- Superficial or nonanatomic distribution of tenderness
- Nonanatomic or regional disturbance of motor or sensory impairment
- Inconsistency on positional SLR
- Inappropriate/excessive verbalization of pain or gesturing
- Pain with axial loading or rotation of spine
Give-away weakness: Inconsistent effort on manual motor testing with “ratcheting” rather than smooth resistance